For citizens of Kazakhstan it is possible to apply for a visa if there is evidence of legal residence in the Russian Federation (in particular registration for 6 months). If you are going to visit, you need an invitation from the host country (Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Germany)

For the registration of the Schengen visa to Germany, you You can submit your documents to the Consulate of Germany in the territory of Kazakhstan on the basis of your friend's invitation. When submitting documents in Russia - you need to prove the legality of your long stay in the territory of another country.