If the German residence permit is valid, there should not be any problems with the trip. However, a new Polish visa can not be issued in such a passport, as the validity of the document in which a visa is issued can not exceed 10 years.

If the passport is valid and there is a residence permit in Germany, then you must be able to enter any country in the Schengen area. However, the final decision will be taken by the border guard service, so if you want to have a guarantee that there will not be any problems with entry, it is better to get a fresh Schengen visa.